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Working fluids for a
sustainable future
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In this issue
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The always interesting subject of working fluids for
heat pumps is the topic of this issue. Low-GWP natural
and synthetic refrigerants are discussed, and some views
on F gases, especially regarding the F gas regulation
within the EU, are expressed.
Further in this issue, we get an account on the recent
developments of sorption cooling. Also, the heat pump
market of China is presented.
Enjoy your reading!
Johan Berg
Editor
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Selection of heat pump news
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Canada to host the next IEA Heat Pump Conference
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The Canadian GeoExchange Coalition (CGC) has been
awarded the organization of the 11th International
Energy Agency Heat Pump Conference (IEA-HPC). The
prestigious world-industry conference, organized every
three years under the auspices of the IEA Heat Pump
Programme, will be held in Montreal in spring 2014. The
IEA Heat Pump Programme Executive Committee, made up of
one representative from each of fourteen member
countries, decided the location in Atlanta (US) at its
meeting in November.
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HPTCJ establishes multinational network in Asia
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The Heat Pump and Thermal Storage Technology Center of
Japan (HPTCJ) has established the Asian Heat Pump and
Thermal Storage Technology Network, Asia’s first network
dedicated to heat pump and thermal storage technologies,
with the aim of facilitating peak electric power
reductions and energy savings as well as lower CO2
emissions. A signing ceremony was held in Tokyo on
October 4.
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Backstage battle over EU energy efficiency directive
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Targets proposed in the EU’s draft energy efficiency
directive are being contested by member states, with
Britain and the Netherlands pushing for some provisions
to be deleted entirely. One headline figure in the
original directive – a mandatory 3% annual public
buildings renovation rate – has been slated for deletion
in the latest EU draft, seen by EurActiv.
One EU diplomat involved in the discussions told
EurActiv that the amendment had been made because of
"the current budgetary restraints of member states."
"Because of these, there are many questions by member
states about what the implication of this specific
provision would be,” the diplomat said. “There are many
different views in play on how this could be changed."
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Beijing requiring solar energy household heaters from
2012
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Beijing is taking the lead in China by applying a 75 %
energy saving standard for residential buildings next
year. As a result, newly-built urban buildings and
qualified public buildings will be required to install
solar energy heaters. The Beijing Municipal Commission
of Housing and Urban- Rural Development and the Beijing
Municipal Commission of Development and Reform have
jointly released the energy saving plan for residential
buildings during the 12th Five-year Plan on September 1.
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California rolls out new refrigeration regulations
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In an effort to reduce leaks of refrigerant gases that
contribute significantly to global warming, the
California Air Resources Board is rolling out
unprecedented state regulations on supermarkets and
other facilities that use commercial refrigeration
systems.
The regulations,
launched in January 2011 but scheduled to ramp up on
Jan. 1, 2012, apply to any business using more than
50 pounds of refrigerants with high global warming
potential (GWP); these refrigerants include the
HCFCs and HFCs commonly used by food retailers.
The initial regulations include periodic leak
inspection (annually, quarterly or monthly,
depending on size), repairs, retrofit or retirement
plans, required service practices and recordkeeping;
any detected leaks must be repaired within 14 days
of discovery. Adding 5 pounds or more of refrigerant,
or 1% or more, would trigger a leak inspection under
the rules.
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Selection of topical articles
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Current status and trends in HCFC replacement in
refrigeration and air conditioning equipment
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Kuijpers L., Peixoto R. A., Calm J. M., McInerney E.,
Clodic D., Pearson A., Čermák R., Keller F., Kaibara M.,
Hickman K. E., Köhler J., Banks J., UNEP Refrigeration,
Air Conditioning, and Heat Pumps Technical Options
Committee |
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The current situation of refrigerant use and options is
characterized by required global phase-out of HCFCs, the
need to manage the lifetime operation of CFC-based and
HCFC-based equipment, and concerns to reduce global
warming. The technical choices are universal, but local
laws, regulations, standards, economics, competitive
situations and other factors influence regional and
local choices. This article summarizes the 2010
Assessment Report of the UNEP Refrigeration, Air
Conditioning, and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee.
It describes the status and trends for future
refrigerant alternatives, the primary current solutions
being adopted in developed and developing countries for
the several applications of refrigeration and air
conditioning, and the estimated refrigerant bank.
Link to the assessment report:
http://ozone.unep.org/teap/Reports/RTOC/index.shtml
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F-Gas Regulation: the way forward
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By The European Partnership for Energy and the
Environment (EPEE) |
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Although the name of the EU F-Gas Regulation is well
known, few are aware of the details of this piece of
legislation. With the F-Gas Regulation being due for
review in 2012, this article aims to demystify the
Regulation through a brief overview of its remit, its
relation to the heat pump industry and a look at its
future.
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Latest Developments in Low Global Warming Refrigerants
for Heat Pump Applications
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Samuel F. Yana Motta, Mark W. Spatz, Honeywell, USA |
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New refrigeration system working fluids with the
positive attributes of both high thermal performance and
low environmental impact are currently in development. These
materials maintain the high level of system efficiency
we are accustomed to with fluorocarbon refrigerants but
with significantly lower global warming impact than
current refrigerants. The evaluation of potential
replacements for common heat pump refrigerants such as
R-410A, R-407C, and R-22 will be discussed for several
heat pumps applications. Chemical and physical
properties for the new molecules, as well as
experimental results for the heat pump applications
using these developmental refrigerants are compared and
contrasted.
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Non-topical article
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Sorption Cooling – a technology review
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Uli Jakob, Solem Consulting, Germany |
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In general, sorption cooling driven by waste heat from
CHP units or industrial processes, or from solar energy
and district heat and biomass, could lead to a
considerable reduction of energy consumption. Therefore,
various new sorption chillers (thermally driven heat
pumps) for small and medium-scale cooling capacities up
to 500 kW, have been developed during the last few years
and are now available on the market. This report
describes and discusses the latest sorption chiller
developments, with particular concentration on heat
source temperatures and COPs.
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Market report
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Heat pump market and technology in China
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XU Wei, Institute of Building Environment and Energy
Efficiency, China Academy of Building Research. |
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Living standards in China are rising in step with the
rapid increase in urbanisation and the strong growth of
GDP. Heat pumps are one way of improving indoor air
quality. The increasing emphasis on energy efficiency
in buildings and utilisation of renewable energy also
assist the market penetration of heat pumps. This paper
describes the general economic situation and heat pump
market and technologies in China.
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